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　　it wasn’t until after my retirement that i had the time to read scientific
papers in medical journals with anything like close attention. until then, i
had, like most doctors, read the authors’ conclusions and assumed that they bore
some necessary relation to what had gone before. i had also naively assumed that
the editors had done their job and checked the intellectual coherence and
probity of the contents of their journals.



　　it was only after i started to write a weekly column about the medical
journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that i
realized just how bad — inaccurate, misleading, sloppy, illogical — much of the
medical literature, even in the best journals, frequently was. my discovery
pleased and reassured me in a way: for it showed me that, even in advancing age,
i was still capable of being surprised.



　　i came to recognize various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that
purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were
1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from
pernicious anaemia. 46) there is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the
medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,
generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.



　　why is so much bad science published?



　　a recent paper, titled ‘the natural selection of bad science’, published on
the royal society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and
important question.



　　according to the authors, the problem is not merely that people do bad
science, as they have always done, but that our current system of career
advancement positively encourages it. they quote ananonymous researcher who said
pithily: ‘poor methods get results.’ what is important is not truth, let alone
importance, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. there has
been a kind of inflationary process at work: 47) nowadays anyone applying for a
research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have
been required for the same post only 10 years ago. never mind the quality, then,
count the number. it is at least an objective measure.



　　in addition to the pressure to publish, there is a preference in journals
for positive rather than negative results. to prove that factor a has no effect
whatever on outcome b may be important in the sense that it refutes a
hypothesis, but it is not half so captivating as that factor a has some
marginally positive statistical association with outcome b. it may be an
elementary principle of statistics that association is not causation, but in
practice everyone forgets it.



　　the easiest way to generate positive associations is to do bad science, for
example by trawling through a whole lot of data without a prior hypothesis. for
example, if you took 100 dietary factors and tried to associate them with flat
feet, you would find some of them that were associated with that condition,
associations so strong that at first sight they would appear not to have arisen
by chance.



　　once it has been shown that the consumption of, shall we say, red cabbage
is associated with flat feet, one of two things can happen: someone will try to
reproduce the result, or no one will, in which case it will enter scientific
mythology. the penalties for having published results which are not
reproducible, and prove before long to be misleading, usually do not cancel out
the prestige of having published them in the first place: and therefore it is
better, from the career point of view, to publish junk than to publish nothing
at all. a long list of publications, all of them valueless, is always
impressive.



　　48)attempts have been made to (control this inflation出题人改编为curb this kind
tendency),(for example by trying, when it comes to career advancement这有些被出题人删去),
to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment
of an applicant’s published papers. this is the famed citation index, that is to
say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific
literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more
often than one of small account. 49) this would be reasonable enough if it were
not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their
future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar
favors.



　　boiling down an individual’s output to simple, objective metrics, such as
number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time,
energy and ambiguity. unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple
quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite
great.



　　50) if we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful
and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of
science.



　　in other words, what we need is more emphasis on personal contact and even
nepotism in the way careers are advanced: but tell it not in gath, publish it
not in the streets of askelon; lest the daughters of the philistines
rejoice…



　　翻译解析:



　　46) there is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals
which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health
scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.



　　第一步:切分语句



　　1.there is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical
journals



　　2., when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,



　　3.which generates both health scares and short-lived dietary
enthusiasms.



　　第二步:翻译分句



　　1.there is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical
journals(常识点:there be句型)



　　医学期刊中存在着许多的谬论



　　2., when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,(常识点:被逼句)



　　由播送公司和新闻媒体所占有的



　　3.which generates both health scares and short-lived dietary
enthusiasms.(常识点:定语从句)



　　这不只致使了安康惊惧，还致使了时刻短的饮食张狂



　　第三步:联系语句



　　医学期刊中存在许多的这种谬论，假定由播送公司和新闻媒体报导，不只会致使安康惊惧，还将致使时刻短的饮食张狂



　　47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published
twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only
10 years ago.



　　第一步:切分语句



　　1.nowadays anyone applying for a research post



　　2.has to have published twice the number of papers



　　3.that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.



　　第二步:翻译分句



　　1.nowadays anyone applying for a research post (常识点:非谓语作后置定语)



　　如今任何请求研讨职位的人



　　2.has to have published twice the number of papers (常识点:比照规划)



　　有必要宣告两倍的论文



　　3.that would have been required for the same post only 10 years
ago.(常识点:定语从句)



　　在10年前请求相同职位所需要的



　　第三步:联系语句



　　如今，任何请求研讨职位的人都有必要宣告两倍于10年前相同职位所需的论文。



　　48) attempts have been made to curb this kind tendency to incorporate some
measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s
published papers.



　　第一步:切分语句



　　1.attempts have been made to curb this kind tendency



　　2.to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity



　　3.into the assessment of an

applicant’s published papers.



　　第二步:翻译分句



　　1.attempts have been made to curb this kind tendency (常识点:被逼句)



　　我们现已在企图遏止这种趋势



　　2.to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity(常识点:固定词组)



　　以此将一些质量和数据衡量联系在一同



　　3.into the assessment of an applicant’s published papers.(常识点:长介词短语)



　　在评价请求人宣告的论文评价中



　　第三步:联系语句



　　我们现已在企图遏止这种趋势，将一些质量和数量衡量联系在请求人宣告的论文的评价傍边。



　　49) this would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that
scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications,
or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.



　　第一步:切分语句



　　1.this would be reasonable enough



　　2.if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange

to cite
themselves in their future publications,



　　3.or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.



　　第二步:翻译分句



　　1.this would be reasonable enough (常识点:无)



　　这将会对错常合理的



　　2.if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite
themselves in their future publications, (常识点:状语从句)



　　假定不是因为科学家可以很简略地在将来的出书物中引证自个



　　3.or get associates to do so for them in return for similar
favors.(常识点:固定词组)



　　亦或是让火伴这么做来交流类似的优点



　　第三步:联系语句



　　假定不是因为科学家可以很简略地在将来的出书物中引证自个的论文，亦或是让火伴这么做来交流类似的优点，这将会对错常合理的。



　　50)if we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and
reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of
science.



　　第一步:切分语句



　　1.if we are serious about ensuring



　　2.that our science is both meaningful and reproducible,



　　3.we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of
science.



　　第二步:翻译分句



　　1.if we are serious about ensuring(常识点:状语从句)



　　假定咱们的确想保证



　　2.that our science is both meaningful and reproducible,(常识点:宾语从句)



　　科学既有意义又可再生



　　3.we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of
science.(常识点:宾语从句)



　　咱们就有必要保证咱们的准则可以鼓励这种科学前进。



　　第三步:联系语句



　　假定咱们的确想保证科学既有意义又可仿制，那么咱们就有必要保证咱们的准则可以鼓励这种科学前进。









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