2001考研英文1——TEXT1(精读)(考研英文单词)

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specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. by splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for ?further research. but specialisation was only one of a series of related developments ?in science affecting the process of communication. another was the growing ?profes

sionalisation of scientific activity.

专门（精细）化可以被看成一个回应对于一个问题，这个问题是关于增加的积累的科学知识。通过分割主题（这里subject matter主题指代上文的scientific knowledge）到更小的单元，一个人可以继续处理这个信息（the information指代上文的scientific knowledge）并且使用这个信息作为基础为了进一步的研究。但是专门化只是在科学领域一系列相关发展其中之一，这个发展影响交流的过程（affecting修饰development）。另外一个在科学领域影响交流过程相关发展（one对应another，都指代在科学领域影响交流过程的相关发展）是正在增长的职业化的科学活动。

specialisation????专门化
professionalisation????职业化
split up a into b / divide a into b????把a分成b
subject matter????主题


no clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. nevertheless, the word does ?carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. the growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.?the trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the ?development of geology in the united kingdom.

没有清晰的区别可以被描绘在职业者和业余者之间，在科学领域上：例外可以在任何规则中被发现（：冒号用于解释说明前面一句话，这里指业余的人比职业的人更好）。尽管如此，业余确实（does表示强调）有一个含义，这个含义是相关的人没有被完全融入到科学界，并且，尤其是，没有完全分享科学领域的（its指代上文的scientific ?community）价值。专门化的增长在19世纪，伴随着它的（its指代上文的growth）随之而来的需求关于更长的，更加复杂的训练，暗示着（implied是这句话的谓语）更大的问题对于业余者的参与在科学领域。这个趋势（the trend指代上一句话的专项化的增长给业余人带来麻烦这件事）自然最显而易见在那些科学的领域，这些领域特别是基于数学的或者实验的训练，并且这个趋势（省略主语the trend）可以被说明根据在英国地质学的发展。

clear-cut????清晰的
connotation????含义
integrate into????使成一体
scientific community????科学界
consequent????随之发生的; 必然的
illustrate?????说明
in terms of? ? 根据
geology????地质学


a comparison of british geological publications over the last century and a half ?reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become ?acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local ?studies in the old way. the overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the ?widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth ?century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. as a ?logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. a rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within ?one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in ?local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

一个比较关于英国地质学的出版物在上一个半世纪不仅仅揭露了一个增长的强调对于研究的主要性，而且揭露了一个变化的定义关于一个可接受研究论文的组成。因此，在19世纪，当地地质学的研究代表了有价值的研究凭他们自己的能力；但是，在20世纪，当地研究已经逐渐变的可接受的对于职业人士，只有他们（they指代上文的local studies，表示在20世纪只有满足了only if后面的条件，local studies才被职业人士接受。这与19世纪的情况形成对比）包含并且反应更广的地质学的图画（情况）。业余者，在另外一方面，继续进行当地研究使用老的方法。总体的结果是使（make a b,这里a指entrance to professional geological journals，而b指harder for amateurs）进入职业的地质学期刊越来越难对于业余者，（逗号后面是同位语用来解释说明前面的句子）这个结果被加强了通过广泛引入审阅人，首先在19世纪被（by修饰前面的introduction）国家期刊引入，然后在20世纪被许多当地地质学期刊引入。作为一个逻辑的结果关于这个发展，不同的期刊现在已经显得目标主要对于要么职业的读者，要么业余的读者。一个非常相似的过程关于区分（指的是上文不同期刊针对不同人群的区分化过程）化已经导致职业地质学家在全国范围内的一到两个特定的社群内聚集在一起，然而（whereas连词，whereas/though/although 分句，主句?=?主句，whereas/though/although 分句）业余者倾向于要么保持在当地的社群里，要么以不同的方式在全国范围内聚集在一起。

primacy????首位，第一位
in one 凭本人能力
worthwhile????值得做的; 有价值的
only if????只有
incorporate????包含
reflect on????反应
pursue?????追求;?进行
overall????全部的; 全体的
refereeing?????裁判员;（专业性强的文章的）审阅人
separate????分开的;?独立的;?不同的


although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in british geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. in science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in thestructure of science.

虽然这个过程关于职业化和专门化已经开始在英国的地质学在19世纪，但是它的（its指代上句中的职业化和专门化的过程process of professionalisation and specialisation）全部结果因此被延迟直到20世纪。在科学领域总的来说，然而，19世纪必须被认为是关键的阶段对于这个改变（this change指的是职业化和专门化的过程process of professionalisation and specialisation）在科学的结构中。

under way????已经开始并进行着


21. the growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in ?sciences such as?
[a] sociology and chemistry. ?
[b] physics and psychology. ?
[c] sociology and psychology. ?
[d] physics and chemistry. ?

答案：第二段最后一句
the trend（the trend指代上一句话的专项化的增长the growth of specialisation给业余人带来麻烦这件事）was naturally most?obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training,?and can be?illustrated?in terms of?the ?development of?geology?in the united kingdom.

22. we can infer from the passage that ?
[a] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation. ?
[b] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science. ?
[c] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community. ?
[d] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones. ?

答案：第二段第一句
no?clear-cut?distinction can be drawn?between professionals and amateurs in science:?exceptions can be found to any rule.
没有清晰的区别可以被描绘在职业者和业余者之间，在科学领域上：例外可以在任何规则中被发现（这里指业余的人比职业的人更好）

23. the author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ?
[a] the process of specialisation and professionalisation. ?
[b] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study. ?
[c] the change of policies in scientific publications. ?
[d] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs. ?

答案：第四段第一句
although?the?process of professionalisation and specialisation?was already well?under way?in?british geology during the nineteenth century,?its?full?consequences?were thus delayed until the twentieth century.?

说明：其实第二段的整体意思是专门化是业余人员处境越来越困难，而这一情况可以用英国的地质学发展来说明，所以个人感觉这题b选项也正确。但是第三段确实是在描述专本化和职业化的过程，所以d选项也正确。

24.the direct reason for specialisation is ?
[a] the development in communication. ?
[b] the growth of professionalisation. ?
[c] the expansion of scientific knowledge. ?
[d] the splitting up of academic societies.

答案：第一段第一句
specialisation?can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing?accumulation of?scientific knowledge.?
专门（精细）化可以被看成一个回应对于一个问题，这个问题是关于增加的积累的科学知识。