考研英语一翻译

翻译?
让步状语从句的翻译
主要表现：
while（尽管）, though（虽然）, although（虽然）, even if（即使）,
whatever（无论什么）,wherever（无论哪里），whoever（无论谁）,
however（无论怎样）,whichever（无论哪一个）,no matter（不论，不管）,
whereas（但是，却，尽管）,whether（不管，不论）
特殊表现:
for all that （尽管） 例: she was strong, for all (that) she was so small.
in spite of the fact that(尽管)
despite the fact that (尽管)
翻译方法：
前用“虽然”，后用“但是”
从句一般翻译到主句前
?
(2007.50)我:
while comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories//, it is preferable for journalists// to rely on their own notions of significance //and make their own judgments.
虽然律师的评价和反应可能加深了故事内容,但是很可能记者们会依赖他们自己对表象的观点并私自做出判断.
老师：
while comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories//, it is preferable for journalists to // rely on their own notions of significance //and make their own judgments.??????? 画横线的两个部分并列
? 尽管律师的报道或反馈可能会加强报道，但是对于记者来说，他们更愿意的是依靠自己的价值观从而做出自己的判断。
?
story:报道
political story：政治报道
it is preferable for journalists to? 对于记者来说，他们更愿意的是
notions of significance? 价值观/对重要性的理解
?
形式主语的翻译
it is + 形容词 + for sb. to do sth.
? 1.置于句首，用“… 的是，…”的句型。
? 2.先翻译真正的主语部分，用“…，这是…的”的句型。
例：it is important for me to master translation.
1-重要的是，对我而言要掌握翻译
2-对我而言，掌握翻译是很重要的
?
条件状语从句的翻译
主要表现：
if （如果），unless （除非,如果不）
i will not go to the party unless i’ m invited.
?如果他们不邀请我，我不会去参加舞会的。
特殊表现：
如果，假如： providing that, granting that, supposing that
provided that, granted that, given that, suppose that
suppose it will rain tomorrow , what shall we do? 假如明天下雨，怎么办？
given that she is interested in children, i am sure teaching is the right career for her.
考虑到她喜欢孩子，我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业.
i 11 let you go on condition that you never waste money.
只要你不乱花钱，我就让你去。
as long as/so long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed.
只要你一直坚持努力，你肯定会成功
只要，只有:only, only that, only if
i would do it with pleasure, only l am not too busy.
只要我不是太忙，我乐意干这项工作。
但愿，要是...就好了: if only
翻译方法：
条件翻译到主句前是最佳位置。
?
（2010.46）老师：（之前讲过这句话）
scientists jumped to the rescue //with some distinctly shaky evidence//to the effect //that insects would eat us up //if birds failed to control them.
如果这些鸟类不能控制昆虫，这些昆虫就会吃光。
?
（1998.74）我：
if the small hot spots look as expected,//that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,// a refinement of the big bang //called the inflationary universe theory.
? 如果奇点看起来和预期的一样，那么它将会成为对于另一个科学观点来说的胜利，一个被称为宇宙膨胀理论的大爆炸的开始。
老师：
if the small hot spots look as expected,//that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,// a refinement of the big bang called the inflationary universe theory.
? 如果这些小热点看上去如预料的那样，那将是又一科学理论的胜利及更加完美的大爆炸理论称之为宇宙膨胀理论。
?
2? 专业术语直接翻译就可以
triumph 凯旋，成功，胜利
refinement精华
yet和another连用表强调：不翻译
yet和情态动词（may/might）连用：或许终有一天? may yet?? might yet
?
目的状语从句
主要表现：
so that （为了，以便）， lest （以防）， in case （以防，以免）， for fear that （以防） in order that （为了）
翻译方法： 前用“为了??? 后用“以免”
he pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.为了不惊醒她，他轻轻推开房门，悄悄地溜了出去。/……以免惊醒她。
he emphasized it again and again, lest she should forget.
他反复强调这一点，以免她忘了。
what has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.
现在发生的情况是人们再也不像以前他们曾经的那样轻易而坦诚自己的梦想了，以免他们被别人认为太贪得无厌。
confess v.
confess to sth/doing sth
confess sth to sb承认(错误、罪行等)，供认，坦白
例：she finally confessed (to having stolen the money). 她最后招认了(偷了那笔钱)
pushing 鲁莽的
acquisitive贪得无厌的
vulgar粗鲁的
?
结果状语从句
主要表现：
so... that,such... that,to such a degree that，to such an extent that
degree,extent 程度
翻译方法：“结果是…，如此…以致于…”，直接翻译。
?
（2001.75）我:
and home appliances will also become so smart //that controlling and operating them //will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.
? 并且家庭申请人也将成为如此的聪明以至于控制和操作他们将会导致一个新的心理学家的无顺序的厨房安排。
?
? 老师：
and home appliances will also become so smart //that controlling and operating them will result in//the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.
? 家用电器也将变得如此职能化，以至于控制和操作它们将导致一种新的心理疾病—厨房狂躁症
?
破折号，破折号，冒号，引号等标点符号直接落下来就可以
特殊关注书名号---英语的书名号用斜体/引号
?
apply申请-application申请书
???? 应用-appliance工具，器具? home appliances家用电器
result in 导致
result from 由…引起
breakout爆发
psychological disorder心理疾病
rage狂躁症
?
被动结构的翻译
被动结构的标志：be+v-ed
基本原则：英语多用被动，汉语多用主动。
被动结构翻译方法两种：1.汉语用主动2.汉语仍然保留被动（尽量少用中文的“被”字）
?
主动翻译方法：
1.主语不变，省略“被”字
the meeting is scheduled for april 6th.会议定于4月6日举行。
water can be changed from a liquid into a solid. 水能从液体变成固体。
?
（2002.62）老师：（之前做过）
the behavioral sciences have been slow to change//partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed//and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
?????? …通常似乎是直接观察到的…
?
（1999.73）我：
during this transfer//, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to// interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
? 在这种转化过程中，其它的方法论将传统的历史方法设计的有争论，在历史研究中输入了一种新形势的证据。
老师：
?during this transfer//, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies// designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
在这种转化过程中，传统的历史研究方法上增加了新的方法论旨在解释在历史研究中的新形势的证据。
during this transfer? 在这种转化过程中
augment?? ???v.增加，扩充，补充，充实
additional ???额外的，附加的，新的
additional methodologies ???新的方法论
designed to? ??旨在
?
2.主宾颠倒 --- 用by, in等介词后面的动作执行者充当主语
he was given a new pen by his friend.他朋友送给他一支新钢笔。
communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country. 我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。
? communication satellites? 通讯卫星
?
(1997.73)我：
it leads the discussion to extremes at the outset//: it invites you to think that animals should be treated// either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, //or with no consideration at all.
这导致了在外面极限的讨论：它邀请你去思考应该考虑以人类对待其他人的方式还是根本不考虑去对待动物。
老师：
the point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. it leads the discussion to extremes at the outset//: it invites you to think that animals should be treated// either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, //or with no consideration at all.
这种观点一开始就把讨论引向了两个极端：它使人们认为应该这样对待动物要么像人类对待自己那样的关心，要么一点也不关心。
?
it指代上文的“观点”
lead a to b? 把a引导向b??? leads the discussion to extremes 把讨论引向了两个极端
lead to 导致
outset=set out? 一开始
outbreak=break out
outburst=burst out? 爆发
本文中invite不能翻译成“邀请”→观点×邀请→翻译成“使”
本文中you泛指人们，大家
animals should be treated……→动物应该被这样对待???? 加“这样”因为后面跟了两种方式
???????????????????????????????????????????????? →应该这样对待动物
consideration考虑，关心
with the consideration （humans extend to other humans）定从，consideration做extend的宾语
像人类对待其他人那样的关心
?
?
（2007.46）我：
traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions //as the special

preserve of lawyers, //rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
依据传统，在这些机构中注意到合法的学习正如律师特殊的观点，而不是在一个个人教育中智慧的装备的特殊的部分。
the study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in european universities. however, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in canadian universities. traditionally, legal learning has been viewed//in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, //rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
传统上，这些学院把法律学习看做是律师的专属，而不是一个受过教育的人的知识储备的必要部分。
?
traditionally 传统地
legal learning 法律学习
本文中institution对应canadian universities翻译成“院校”
preserve??? v.保留，保存???? n.专属的东西
intellectual?? adj.知识的，智力的? n.知识分子
intellectual equipment 知识储备
view…as…= take…as…=regard…as…=define…as…? ??把…看做是…
?
3.翻译为汉语的判断句，用“是…的”这样的结构翻译。
被动态的表现形式：be（是） + v-ed（的）?
this school was founded by x. 这所学校是x创办的
printing was introduced into europe from china. 印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。
?
（1998.72） 我：
the existence of the giant clouds// was virtually required for the big bang//, first put forward in the 1920s,// to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
???? 巨大云的存在是大爆炸事实上需要的，首先发生在19世纪20年代，为了维持它的理论正如关于宇宙遥远的解释。
?
? 老师：
the existence of the giant clouds// was virtually required for the big bang//, first put forward in the 1920s,// to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大宇宙云的存在实际上是20世纪20年代首次提出的大爆炸理论保持其对宇宙解释的主导地位所必须的。
?
be required? ??是…所必须的
be required for sb to do sth ???对某人来说做某事所必须的
virtue ???美德
virtual ????虚拟的
virtually? ???实际上
1920s??? ??20世纪20年代
cosmos? 宇宙
reign??? 地位，统治
dominant 主要的
为了翻译更加通顺本文用dominant去修饰reign翻译成“主导地位”
?
?
4.用“我们…，有人…,，人们…,，大家…”等泛指主语，或者增加“这”等 词充当主语。
the issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。
she was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed.
有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。
?
(2009.50)我：
we are thus led to distinguish,// within the broad educational process //which we have been so far considering//, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling.
因此我们导致区别，在宽阔的教育过程中，我们已经变得如此的喜欢思考，以至于一个更加普通的教育种类—指引着学费或学校教育。
?
老师：
we are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process //which we have been so far considering//, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling.
插入语先翻译
在我们迄今为止讨论到的更为宽泛的教育过程中，因此这使得我们去区别出一种更为正式的一种教育形式，即直接教导和学校教育这样的教育形式。
?
? that指代的是教育形式，可以不翻译
direct tuition 直接教导
school? v.学校教育
?
5.被动翻译使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为... 所、由…来”等等。
尽量少用中文的“被”字：?? 好事不用“被”字
坏事可以用“被”字
problems should be resolved in good time.?? 问题应及时加以解决。
?
（2002.63）我：
the role of natural selection in evolution //was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,//and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual// is only beginniing to be recognized and studied.
进化中自然选择的角色得以积累的时间仅仅比一百年多一点，并且环境的选择对于修改和维持人类的行为仅仅是一个受到人们认识和研究的开始。
?
老师：
the role of natural selection in evolution was formulated//only a little more than a hundred years ago,//and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual// is only beginniing to be recognized and studied.
在进化中自然选择的作用仅仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而在塑造和保持个体行为中环境的选择作用才刚刚加以认识和研究。
?
a of b in c 在c中b的a的作用
role ?角色，作用
formular 方程式
formulate? 阐明，阐述
more than+数字→多于
shaping?? n.形状 v.形成
?
（1997.75）
我：
when that happens, it is not a mistake:// it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action,// an instinct that should be encouraged //rather than laughed at.
当动物维权发生时，并不是一个错误：这是人类关于行动上的道德理性的认可，应该得以鼓励而不是嘲笑。
?
老师：
to see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.
when that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
当这种情况发生时，这并没有错：这是人类道德推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应该受到鼓励而不是遭到嘲笑。
?
that指代上一句话
instinct? 本能
reason? v.推理 n.原因
reasoning?? n.推理
?
（禁止转载商用）