陈新仁英语言语学有用教程第2版考研真题精选

??六、论说题

1. Please state what a morpheme is and how many types of morphemes there are in English.[厦门大学2012研]

Key: Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

We can further classify morphemes into different types on different dimensions:

(1) Free morphemes, which can stand by themselves as single words, and bound morphemes, which cannot normally stand alone, but which are typically attached to another form.

(2) Lexical morphemes and functional morphemes. Both of these two types of morphemes fall into the “free” category. The first category is that set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs that carry the “content” of message we convey. The second category consists largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.

(3) Derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes. These two types of morphemes fall into the bound category. The derivational morphemes are used to make new words in the language and are often employed to produce words of a different grammatical category from the stem. In contrast, inflectional morphemes never change the grammatical category of a word, but indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.

2. Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning— morphemes and word-formation processes. Please explain it with some examples.[北京邮电大学2016研]

Key: (1) The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called morphology. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sound and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or dramatically altering the meaning.

(2) Morphology studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed, including inflection and word formation. For example, the verb purify in English consists of two parts: pur(e) and -ify, from which one can work out a rule: a new form of verb can be created by adding -ify to an adjective. This is a morphological rule that may function to account for the existence or the formation of a set of verbs ending with -ify, such as amplify, simplify, electrify, or falsify. These constitutive parts in each of these verbs are morphemes.

(3) Morphology analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a word’s pronunciation and meaning. Morphology differs from morphological typology, which is the classification of languages based on their use of words and lexicology, which is the study of words and how they make up a language’s vocabulary. There are three principal approaches to morphology and each tries to capture the distinctions above in different ways: Morpheme-based morphology, which makes use of an item-and-arrangement approach. Lexeme-based morphology normally makes use of an item-and-process approach. Word-based morphology normally makes use


of a word-and-paradigm approach.

[本题查询形状学的意义。首要说明形状学的意义以及首要研讨目标词素，然后联系具体的比方进行阐释。]

3. Study the following conversation from Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. Discuss it in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle. Is there any maxim that is being flouted? What conversational implicature is communicated by such deliberate breach?[南京大学2009研]

“What is his name?”

“Bingley.”

“Is he married or single?”

“Oh! Single, my dear,


to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”

Key: The four maxims of the Cooperative Principles proposed by Grice are the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.

In this conversation: A: “What is his name?” B: “Bingley.”, B obeys the maxim of quantity and quality, and in conversation: A: “Is he married or single?” B: “Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!” in the utterance B, “Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure!” the speaker is particularly careful about the maxim of quality, which rules that do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence; however, in the rest part of utterance B,” A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!” the speaker violates the maxim of relations and quantity. The speaker tries to convey conversational implicatures and the hearer can comprehend them on the basis of previous information, so from this conversation, it implies that Bingley is not only single but also very rich, and he will be the sharp target for one of the speaker’s single daughters to get married with.

（本题首要查询格莱斯的协作原则以及因为违背协作原则发生的会话意义。）

熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙《唐诗三百首序》