【英一】2010年考研英语阅览真题及解析【第三篇】

passage3注解：标题为赤色，翻译为蓝色，分析为绿色。????????in his book the tipping point, malcolm gladwell argues that social epidemics(前几篇文章咱们提及过，epidemic是盛行病，在这儿是风气的盛行。另外还可以指疾病或消息或活动等的灵敏的传达、生长或打开)?are driven in large part by the

acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials(有很大影响的人，有分配力的人。这儿咱们称之为“潮人”), who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. the idea is intuitively(凭直觉地)?compelling(令人服气的,有说服力的), but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.
????????the supposed(假定的) importance of influentials derives from a plausible(如同是真的,形似有理的) sounding but largely untested theory called the : information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. marketers have embraced(embrace承受)?the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. the theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity(出其不料的火爆起来)?of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. in many such cases, a cursory(大概的,草率的) search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends
????????in their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. in fact, they dont seem to be required of all.
????????the researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of(with the exception of 除了...之外)?a few celebrities like oprah winfrey—whose outsize(特大的) presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal(人际联络的), influence【一小有些名人,比方她的特大形象首要是媒体的作用，而不是自个交际联络的作用】—even the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others. yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly【关于不是名人的潮人来说，是直接影响他们的兄弟和火伴来引领社会潮流。与上一个构成对照。】. for a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with(have?little to do with与…联络不大了) the initial influential. if people in the network just two degrees?removed from the initial influential prove resistant【假定在这个彼此影响的网络中，间离隔始的影响者再影响远两个等级的人的影响具有反抗性】, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade(瀑布,文章这儿是指“一连串的改动”) of change wont propagate(散播,宣传) very far or affect many people.
????????building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating(manipulate操作,编造) a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. they found that the principal requirement(principal requirement首要条件,最重要的条件) for what is called “global cascades”(盛行全球)—the widespread propagation((动植物等的)繁衍，增殖，(观念、理论等的)传达,(运动、光线、声响等的)传送) of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
一、文章规划分析这篇文章谈论了社会潮流得以传达的影响要素，驳斥了根据“两步传达”理论的“潮人操作潮流”论调，提出“简略受影响的群众推进潮撒播达”的观念。
文章第一段引证 the tippingpoint 一书中关于社会盛行的观念，并加以谈论。
第二段介绍该书的社会盛行的理论根据。
第三段至第五段经过调查往常日子人际间的彼此影响，指出“两步传达”的不合理性，并提出群众推进潮撒播达的观念。
31. by citing the book the tipping point, the author intends to .
[a]analyze the consequences of social epidemics
[b]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas
[c]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics
[d]describe the essential characteristics of influentials
31．作者引证 the tipping point 是为了 。
[a] 分析社会潮流的成果
[b]谈论“潮人”在传达社会潮流的作用
[c]举例证明我们对社会潮流天性的反应
[d]谈论“潮人”的根柢特征

32. the author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” .
[a]serves as a solution to marketing problems
[b]has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[c]has won support from influentials
[d]requires solid evidence for its validity
32．作者认为“两步传达理论”
[a]可以处置商场推广的疑问。
[b]有助于说明某些盛行趋势。
[c]赢得了潮人的撑持。
[d]需要确凿的根据证明其可靠性。

33. what the researchers have observed recently shows that .
[a] the power of influence goes with social interactions
[b] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
[c] influentials have more channels to reach the public
[d] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention
33．研讨人员迩来的研讨发现标明?
[a] 影响力来历于社会互动
[b] 人际联络可以经过媒体加强
[c] 有影响力的人有更多触摸大众的途径
[d] 大大都名人遭到媒体广告的重视

34.?the underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who .
[a] stay outside the network of social influence
[b] have little contact with the source of influence
[c] are influenced and then influence others
[d] are influenced by the initial influential
34．第四段划横线的词组“these people”是指那些 。
[a] 在社会影响网络以外的人
[b] 与影响来历几乎无相关的人
[c] 遭到影响又影响别人的人
[d] 遭到开始影响者影响的人

35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
[a]the eagerness to be accepted.
[b]the impulse to influence others.
[c]the readiness to be influenced.
[d]the inclination to rely on others.
35．社会影响的首要动力要素是啥？
[a] 被人承受的盼望
[b] 影响别人的激动
[c] 受人影响的预备
[d] 依托别人的倾向
二、中心词汇与超纲词汇1.compelling adj. 强行的, 强逼的, 引人凝视的
2.cursory adj. 仓促忙忙的, 大概的, 草率的
3.propagate v. 繁衍, 传达, 宣传
4.cascade n. 小瀑布, 喷流 vi.成瀑布落下 n.层叠
三、阅览答案：b d a c c四、全文翻译：? ????????在自个的新书the tipping point 中, malcolm aladuell 声称“社会盛行”在很大程度上是由一小有些特别个别致使的，这些个别一般被叫做“潮人”，他们一般信息灵通，巧舌善辩，社会联络网灵通。这种说法听起来令人服气，实践上不能说明思潮是如何传达开来的。
????????“潮人”这种被假定的重要性源于一种听起来很有说服力但根柢上未经查验的理论——“两步传达”理论，即信息由媒体传达给他们，再经由他们传达给其别人。商场出售人员们崇奉这种理论，因为它标明，他们只需找到这些有影响力的人，并影响他们，那么这些被选中的“潮人”就能 他们结束剩下的大有些作业。“两步传达”理论如同可以说明为啥有些书本、品牌或许社区俄然会出其不料的火爆起来。在许多类似的事例中，大概的查询可以发现个中缘由：一小有些人总能引领潮流，首先穿戴，宣传并打开我们此前未曾留心的东西。这些轶事根据非常契合一这种思潮：只需某些特另外人能引领潮流。
????????可是，一些研讨人员研讨发现，“潮人”对社会盛行的影响一般远远不像愿望的那么健壮。实际上，他完全没有必要去影响别人。
????????研讨者的论据来历于对社会影响的一项简略调查：除了一小有些名人——比方奥普拉·温弗瑞，她的超凡形象首要是媒体的作用，而不是自个交际联络的作用——即便某个集体中最有影响力的人，他们的交流规模也不是那么多。可是，根据“两步传达”理论，恰恰是这些非名人“潮人”经过直接影响他们的兄弟和火伴来引领社会潮流。可是，要是呈现某种社会潮流，每个被如此影响的人有必要接着影响他的兄弟，而这些被影响的人有必要反过来影响他们知道的人，如此循环下去。其别人中有多少人留心到这些人，与开始的“影响者”毫无联络。比方，假定在这个彼此影响的网络中，间离隔始的影响者再影响远两个等级的人（对影响）具有反抗性，那么这一连串的改变就不会传达太远，或许影响太多人。
????????根据人际间彼此影响的根柢实际，经过对人员的数千次核算机仿照，运用许多与人类影响别人的才能以及被别人影响的趋势联络的要素，那些研讨人员研讨了社会影响的动力要素。他们发现，那些被称为“盛行全球”的表象——经过人际联络广泛传达的影响——的首要条件不是一小有些“潮人”，而是一大有些简略受影响的人。