2001年考研英语阅览真题及解析【第一篇】(2001年考研英语一真题及答案)

passage1
注解：标题为赤色，翻译为蓝色，分析为绿色。?? ? ? ?specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. by splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. but specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
????????no clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. nevertheless, the word does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. the growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. the trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the united kingdom.
????????a comparison of british geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. the overall result has been to make entrance to professional?geological journals harder for amateurs,a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. as a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.a rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
????????although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in british geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. in science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

一、文章规划分析
这是一篇论说科学打开的专业化和作业化的文章。全文客观地描绘这一进程，而且以英国地质学的打开为例阐明专业化打开致使专业人员和业余人员之间的分化越来越显着。
第一段：科学常识的堆集致使常识的进一步分类和分化，即专业化打开。与专业化打开一起并存的另一表象是科学活动的日益作业化。
第二段：专业化的打开给业余研讨者的进入带来了困难，这种趋势在某些科学领域尤为杰出。
第三、四段指出：以英国地质学研讨为例，阐明专业人员和业余人员之间分化越来越显着。而这种专业化和作业化的分化进程早在19世纪英国的地质学领域就现已初步构成。

21.the growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as.
[a] sociology and chemistry
[b] physics and psychology?
[c] sociology and psychology?
[d] physics and chemistry?
21.19世纪专业化的打开在科学领域更为显见。
【a】社会学、化学
【b】物理学、心思学
【c】社会学、心思学
【d】物理学、化学

22.we can infer from the passage that.
[a]there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation
[b]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[c]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[d]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones?
22.从文中，咱们可以揣度出
【a】专业化和作业化进程几乎没有差异
【b】业余研讨者可以在某些科学领域与专业研讨者相敌对
【c】专业人员倾向于期赋闲余人员参加他们的科学集体
【d】非专业研讨人员具有全国性的学术机构，可是没有当地性的机构

23.the author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate.
[a]the process of specialisation and professionalisation
[b] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[c]the change of policies in scientific publications?
[d]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
23.作者说到地质学打开的意图是为了阐明.
【a】作业化和专业化构成的进程
【b】业余研讨者在科学研讨中碰到的困难
【c】科技出书物出书方针的改变
【d】专业研讨者对业余研讨者的轻视

24.the direct reason for specialisation is____________?.
[a]the development in communication?
[b] the growth of professionalisation
[c]the expansion of scientific knowledge
[d]the splitting up of academic societies
24.构成专业化的直接缘由是___________？
【a】交流的打开
【b】作业化的

打开
【c】科学常识的拓宽
【d】学术集体的割裂

二、中心词汇与超纲词汇
1.specialisation
（n.）专业化；
specialize
（v.）（in）专攻，专门研讨，使专用于；
specialized（a.）专门的，专科的
2.accumulation
（n.）堆集，积累（物）；
accumulate（v.）
3.split
（v./n.）裂开，劈开；割裂，别离；
split up（使）割裂；（使）别离；分红（小组）；【美】吵架；离婚
（4）professionalisation
（n.）作业化；
professionalize（v.）（使）作业化/专业化；
professional
（a.）专业的，作业的
（n.）安适作业者，专业人员
（5）clear-cut（a.）清楚的，清楚的
（6）amateur（n.）业余喜爱者；外行
（a.）业余的；非作业的；外行的
amateurship（n.）业余者的资历或身份
amateurish（a.）业余的，非作业的，不熟练的
amateurismn.（n.）业余性，非作业的作为
（7）conmotation（n.）意义，内在，隐含意义；言外之意
（8）integrate（v.）（into，with）（使）变成一体，（使）联系在一同，（使）兼并；
integration（n.）归纳；
integrative（a.）归纳的，一体化的
（9）participation（n.）参加，参加；
participate（v.）（in）参加，参加；共享，分管；
participator（n.）参加者，协作者；
participatory（a.）招供共享的
（10）primacy（n.）首位，首要，首席
（11）in ones own right 凭本身的权力（才能、实力，资历）
（12）reinforce（v.）加强，声援，添加，强化
（13）referee（v.）审理，判定；裁判，裁定（n.）裁定人，调解人，【体】裁判员
（14）reckon（v.）认为，估量；盼望，想要；测算，依托
reckon as认为，视为，把……看作
三、阅览答案：d?b?a?c
四、全文翻译：
? ? ???专业化可被视为关于科学常识不断胀大这个疑问所做出的反应。经过将学科细化成小单元，我们可以持续处置这些不断胀大的信息并将它们作为深化研讨的基础。可是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流进程的有关表象之一。另一表象是科学活动的日益作业化。
????????在科学领域内，专业人员与业余人员之间没有必定的区别：任何规则都有其破例。可是“业余”这个词的确有意义：那就是所指的那自个没有完全融入某个科学家集体，特别是，他可以并不完全认同这个集体的价值观。19世纪的专业化的打开，以?嬷吹亩粤废暗某な笨绦院土杪倚缘男枨螅砸涤嗳嗽苯肟蒲Ы绻钩闪烁蟮睦选Ｕ庖磺魇圃谝允Я废盎蚴笛槭伊废拔〉目蒲Я煊蚶锾烊惶逑值米钗艹觯⒐刂恃У拇蚩梢圆髡庖灰晌省?br> ????????把英国迩来一个半世纪的地质学刊物作一比照，我们发现，不只研讨的重要性越来越遭到偏重，而且学术论文的出书标准也在不断地发生改变。因而，在19世纪，部分的地质学研讨本身就代表了一种有价值的科研；而到了20世纪，部分的研讨只需在包括或思考到更广大的地质容颜时才越来越被专业人员承受。另一方面业余人员持续以旧的方法从事部分的研讨。成果是，业余人员更难在专业地质刊物上宣告论文。这种成果因为评定准则的引入体现得更杰出。初步是19世纪国家级杂志的引入，后来是20世纪数家当地地质杂志的引入。这样打开的必定成果是呈现了关于专业读者和业余读者的不一样杂志。类似的分化进程也致使专业地质学家集合起来，构成一两个全国性的集体，而业境地质学家则要么留在当地性集体中，要么以不一样方法组满足国性的集体。
????????尽管作业化和专业化进程在19世纪的英国地质学界中己经初步构成，可是它的作用却推迟到20世纪才充分闪现出来。可是，从科学这个全体来看，i9世纪有必要被视为科学规划发生改变的要害时期。
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