英语语言学教程第5版教材下载及练习题库详解(英语语言学教程第二版期末考试)

复习笔记
本章要点：
1. the definition and the design features of language
语言的定义与特征
2. the origin and the function of language
语言的起源和功能
3. main branches of linguistics study
语言学研究的范围和内容
4. important distinctions in linguistics
语言学的一些重要区分
本章考点：
1. 有关语言的常考考点
语言的定义；语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、文化传递和互换性)；
语言的功能(提供信息、人际交往、施为、表达情感、寒暄、娱乐、元语言)；
语言的起源(神授说，人造说(“汪汪”，“噗噗”，“哟-嘿-吼”理论)，进化说)等。
2. 有关语言学的常考考点
(1) 语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别。
(2) 语言学研究的四个原则及其简要说明。语言学中几组重要区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。
(3) 普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。
(4) 宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
本章内容索引：
i. definition of language
ii. design features of language
1. arbitrariness
2. duality
3. creativity
4. displacement
5. cultural transmission
6. interchangeability
iii. origin of language
1. the biblical account
2. the bow-wow theory
3. the pooh-pooh theory
4. the yo-he-ho theory
5. the evolution theory
iv. functions of language
1. informative function
2. interpersonal function
3. performative function
4. emotive function
5. phatic function
6. recreational function
7. metalingual function
v.?definition of linguistics
vi.?branches of linguistics
1. microlinguistics
2. macrolinguistics
vii. important concepts and their distinctions
1. descriptive vs. prescriptive
2. synchronic vs. diachronic
3. langue vs. parole
4. competence vs. performance
5. traditional grammar vs. modern grammar
6. linguistic potential vs. actual linguistic behavior
i. the definition of language (语言的定义)
language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. this definition has revealed five essential factors of language: systematic, arbitrary, vocal, symbolic and most importantly human-specific.
语言是人类以口头交流的任意的符号系统。该定义揭示了语言的五个要素：系统，任意，口头，符号，人类。
ii. the design features of language (语言的定义特征)
【考点：名词解释&填空】
design features refer to the defining properties of human languages that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
语言的定义特征是人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点。
1. arbitrariness (任意性)
it is the core feature of language, which refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. it is not entirely arbitrary at all levels. some words, such as the ones created in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a certain degree.
任意性是语言的核心特征，是指符号的形式或者声音与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。虽然语言从本质上讲是任意的，但也不是完全任意的。一些词语，例如一些拟声词的发音与其意义还是有一定联系的。
考研真题精选
6. a principal distinction between morphology and syntax is that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, whereas the latter is concerned with _____ of words.（中山大学2017研）
【答案】combinations查看答案
【解析】morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. it studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or

the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.
7. one of the important distinctions in linguistics is _____ and performance.（人大2006研）
【答案】competence查看答案
【解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。
8. when a word appears in a variety of forms depending on its grammatical role in the sentence we say that it undergoes _____.（中山大学2018研）
【答案】inflection查看答案
【解析】曲折变化是指通过添加曲折词缀，如数，人称，限定性，体和格等来表示某词语法关系的变化。
9. _____ is said of the study of development of language and languages over time.（北二外2016研）
【答案】diachronic查看答案
【解析】本题考查历史性的定义。语言的历史性指语言随时间的延续而引发的变化。语言的历时性是相对于语言的共时性而言的，共时性语言学是研究理论上处于一个时点的语言，描写语言的一个“状态”，不管正在发生哪些变化。
10. when air is forced out of the lungs, it causes the _____ _____ to vibrate.（中山大学2018研）
【答案】vocal folds查看答案
【解析】语音产生是以气流为能量来源的。在大多数情况下，气流源自肺部，气流从肺中压出，引起声带的振动。
11. _____ is the study of speech sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. the first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.（北京邮电大学2016研）
【答案】phonetics查看答案
【解析】本题考查语音学和音系学的含义。语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。换句话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。
12. when language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is _____ function.（北二外2015研）
【答案】phatic查看答案
【解析】本题考查语言的寒暄功能。寒暄功能是语言最基本的一项功能。人们用寒暄语来营造一种气氛或保持社会联系而非交流信息。人们使用寒暄语就是为了缓和谈话双方的关系，同时使谈话双方从心理上得到满足。
13. language is a form of human communication by means of a system of _____ principally transmitted by vocal sounds. （中山大学2017研）
【答案】symbols查看答案
【解析】language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
14. syntax is the study of how words combine to make sentences. the order of words in sentences varies from language to language. english language, for instance, generally follows a _____ order, as in the sentence “the dog (subject) bit (verb) the man (object).”（北京邮电大学2016研）
【答案】svo查看答案
【解析】本题考查英语句子的语序。英语句子的基本语序是主谓宾结构。
15. _____ is the name for oppositeness relation.（北二外2015研）
【答案】antonymy查看答案
【解析】本题考查反义的语义关系。反义关系就是相反的语义关系。
16. swiss linguist ferdinand de saussure (1857—1913) was the first to notice the complexities of language. he believed that language is a system of signs. to communicate ideas, _____ must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. he held that the sign is the union of the _____ and the signified.（北京邮电大学2015研）
【答案】sounds, signifier查看答案
【解析】本题考查关于语言作为符号系统的观点。他认为语言是一个符号系统，声音只有作为该符号系统的一部分才能被视作语言。符号包括两方面，能指和所指。
来源：弘博学习网