戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》课后习题答案考研重点笔记

??I. The definition of linguistics（说话学的界说）

Linguistics is


generally defined as the scientific study of language.

It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.

说话学凡是被界说为对说话举行科学性钻研的学科。

它之所所以一种科学钻研，是由于它@因%527k9%此对说%aW9q1%话@学数据的体系调研为根本，以说话布局的某种广泛理论为参照开展钻研的。

II. The scope of linguistics（说话学的钻研范围）

The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.

作为总体而言的说话钻研凡是被称为平凡说话学。

1. Micro-linguistics (from the core of linguistics) （微观说话学）

Phonetics: the study of sounds used in linguistic co妹妹unication.

Phonology: the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in co妹妹unication.

Morphology: the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.

Syntax: the study of the rules in the combination of words to form gra妹妹atically permissible sentences in languages.

Semantics: the study of meaning.

Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of language use.

语音学：对说话寒暄中所利用的语音的钻研。

音系学：对在寒暄中语音是若何被组合在一块儿、若何用来通报意义等问题的钻研。

形态学：对付说话符号的分列方法和构词的组合方法的钻研。

句法学：对安排组成语法所容许的句子的单词的组合的法则的钻研。

语义学：对付意义的钻研。

语用学：对详细语境中说话的意义的钻研。

2. Macro-linguistics (from the relation with other fields)（宏观说话学）

Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch.

Psycholinguistics: the study of language and its relation with psychology.

Applied linguistics: The study of the applications of language to the solution of practical problems. Narrowly, it is the


application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.

社会说话学：对说话的所有社会层面和它与社会的瓜葛的钻研。

生理说话学：对说话及它与生理的瓜葛的钻研。

利用说话学：对利用说话解决现实问题的钻研，如用于规复言语等。从狭义上来说，利用说话学指的是将说话学理论和原则利用于说话讲授中，特别是外语和第二说话讲授。

III. Some important distinctions in linguistics（说话学中一些首要的区别）

1. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive（描述式与划定式）