疫情之下,如何高分突破2021考研英语阅读04

作者原创：葛天命

今天，我们继续谈疫情之下，如何高分突破考研英语阅读”的话题， 我在5月发布的文章《疫情之下，如何高分突破2021考研英语阅读01》中谈过了关心当前疫情和考研英语有直接的关系；也介绍了我自主研发的考研英语“飞速阅读-高分突破法”；该法的实施有3条战线；第一战线精读精研，即胸中自有“词-句-文3法”，阅读堡垒将攻无不克，战无不胜，具体请参见5月该文章，以便理解的连贯性和了解全貌，在此不再重复。

现在，我再以2019年英语一的另一篇真题阅读为例，带领大家进行“第一战线精读精研”，侧重于句法和文法。请大家先把下面的原文通读一遍，时间设定为3-5分钟；然后再仔细读，不限时间，看看究竟哪里模糊不清；最后看我的讲解，你是否都能想到了呢？好好用心体会一下为盼。

我知道，大家宁愿拼命刷题几遍，也很不情愿潜下心来做精读精研，这几乎是所有选手的薄弱之处，也是阅读堡垒久攻不克，分数难以提高的深层原因，所以我就带领大家一起前行，高分突破的功夫60%取决于这一战线。

第一战线精读精研怎么做？ 建议大家先从简化版开始，那什么是简化版？简化版概括来说：就是碾碎长难句；体会每段的要点与文中作用；把握文章主题和总体结构。

好，开始快速通读全文，时间限定3-5分钟，80%正确理解率

This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.

Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identify, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”

What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”

But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.

On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.

To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.

讲解

This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come. 长难句

Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of

主语 谓语 宾语

speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by

定语从句 后置定语定questions

technologies yet

to come.

· 第一段/首段 从一本著名小说的出版200周年新鲜事件引导出文章主题：新技术导致的伦理问题

· 第二段-第三段-第四段 介绍当今时代的AI 新技术

Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identify, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”

· AI 所引发的根本性问题。

What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.

· 虽然AI的进展仍然有限，但人们对类人机器人着迷。

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a

situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”

· AI 目前的水平距离制造出类似人类的机器人还很遥远。

But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

· 第五段：AI新技术大数据举例-自动驾驶，说明新技术带来了伦理问题

Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.

· 第六段：对AI伦理问题，政府的解决方案

On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

· 第七段 对AI伦理问题，AI巨头谷歌为例，企业的解决方案

While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.

· 第八段 作者对企业谷歌的做法和政府做法的评价

To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.

第九段 作者观点和高见：解决AI新技术引发的伦理问题的核心认知所在。

文章主题：新技术将引发许多伦理问题· 文章总体结构： 典型的 “问题-解决” 型

· 文章体裁：论说文/议论文

· 文章题材：“技术” 与 “生活 ” 两大领域的结合

关于“真题的精读精研”，先讲到这里，更多有关“考研英语飞速阅读-高分突破”的文章将随后发布，欢迎关注和阅读。